Former Indiana congressman John Hostettler, a critic of Israel, lost the Republican House primary to state Senator Mark Messmer after Jewish groups like the Republican Jewish Coalition and AIPAC supported Messmer, spending $1 million on ads.

House Democratic leaders have recently endorsed Rep. Jamaal Bowman, a vocal critic of Israel, amidst a primary challenge by Westchester County Executive George Latimer, who has gained the support of the Jewish Democratic Council of America.