Ian Buruma's new biography, "Spinoza: Freedoms Messiah," presents the 17th-century philosopher Baruch Spinoza as a champion of free thought, whose ideas about the nature of God were highly controversial in both the Jewish and Calvinist communities.

Baruch Spinoza, a 17th-century philosopher, was a radical free thinker with strong moral principles, despite his disbelief in an all-seeing God.

The documentary "Spinoza: Six Reasons for the Excommunication of the Philosopher" explores the motivations behind Baruch Spinoza's excommunication by the Amsterdam Portuguese Sephardic community.

The article discusses the Enlightenment and its relevance today.

Albert Levis, a Greek Holocaust survivor and owner of the Wilburton Inn in Vermont, has dedicated his life to promoting his Formal Theory of Behavior, which he believes holds the key to achieving world peace.

In his book "Revolutionary Jews from Spinoza to Marx," Jonathan I. Israel explores the role of Jews in the Enlightenment and the impact of radical Enlightenment ideas on Jewish history.

In 1927, Hebrew University Professor Joseph Klausner attempted to symbolically rescind the excommunication of Baruch Spinoza, hailing him as a Jewish brother and celebrating his achievements.

Baruch (Benedictus) Spinoza's treatise, "Theological-Political Treatise," sparked controversy for its radical theological and political ideas.